STANDARD USII.5d   The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by identifying the causes of the Great Depression, its impact on Americans, and the major features of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal.

It is important for you to understand

• The optimism of the 1920s concealed problems in the American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in controlling the economy.
• The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact on American life.
• Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal used government programs to help the nation recover from the Depression.

You must be able to answer the following questions:

• What were the causes of the Great Depression?
• How were the lives of Americans affected by the Great Depression?
• What were the major features of the New Deal?

It is necessary for you to know

• Causes of the Great Depression

·         People overspeculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when stock prices crashed.

·         The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system.

·         High tariffs strangled international trade.

• Impact on Americans

  ·         A large numbers of banks and businesses failed.

  ·         One-fourth of workers were without jobs.

  ·         Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless.

  ·         Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.

• Major features of the New Deal

  ·         Social Security

  ·         Federal work programs

  ·         Environmental improvement programs

  ·         Farm assistance programs

  ·         Increased rights for labor

The Progressive Movement, Organized Labor, Women's Suffrage, and the Temperance Movement
WHITE PRINT - Content outline from the VDOE curriculum guide
The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by e)       describing the impact of the Progressive Movement on child labor, working conditions, the rise of organized labor, women’s suffrage, and the temperance movement.
What were the negative effects of  industrialization? ·     Child labor Children often entered the work force at age eight or nine because parents needed their children's wages.  They worked in coal mines, textile mills and other factories. Without safety regulations, children were three times more likely to hurt themselves than adults. ·     Low wages, long hours 10-hour workdays were common and wages were barely enough to live on.  Workers had no health coverage or other benefits. ·     Unsafe working conditions No regulations on safety. Frequent accidents occurred in factories, especially involving children who might fall asleep or be less attentive. A tragic fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in N.Y. killed 141 seamstresses who were unable to escape because exits were locked. How did workers respond to the negative effects of industrialization? The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms. Rise of organized labor:   ·     Formation of unions—American Federation of Labor AFL pushed for issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. It was strongest in the skilled trade, not the factories.  Preferred bargaining over strikes. ·     Strikes—Homestead Strike 1892 - Illustrated Weekly - Labor troubles at Homestead, PA -    In the late 1800's, strikes occurred all the time, often ending in violence and little gain for the workers. In 1892, 13 men were killed in a battle between striking steelworkers and strikebreakers at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant in Pittsburgh. The strike turned many Americans  against unions and organized labor, which they blamed for the violence. How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change the United States? Progressive Movement workplace reforms:   ·     Improved safety conditions Progressive Movement - includes different reform movements that dealt with problems caused by massive immigration, urbanization, and big business. Reformers wanted laws to protect workers and poor people, to reform government and to regulate business. Resulted in laws passed passed by states making employers legally responsible if their workers were injured or killed on the job. ·     Reduced work hours States gradually began to reduce work hours, especially for women and children. ·     Placed restrictions on child labor States started to place restrictions on child labor, though some of the state laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. What were the results of the women's suffrage movement? Women’s suffrage:   ·     Increased educational opportunities By 1900, one-third of college students were women. Educated women began demanding the right to vote. ·     Attained voting rights   Growing numbers of educated women were becoming angry that they could not vote.  In large cities, women campaigned hard for suffrage, and gradually more and more states allowed women to vote.  The important role played by women workers in World War II tipped the balance in favor of granting women suffrage. ·     Women gained the right to vote with passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. In 1920, the 19th Amendment was adopted. It made it illegal for any state or for the federal government to deny women the right to vote. ·     Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage. During the 1800's, Anthony was one of the leaders of the women's suffrage movement, and fought for women to win the right to vote. What was the Temperance Movement? ·     Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol Temperance Movement - wanted to limit or ban the use of alcohol. Thought drinking was a serious threat to family life. Mostly Protestants. Associated drinking with Irish Catholics. ·     Supported 18th Amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages 18th Amendment, banning manufacture or sale of alcohol,  adopted in 1919. True/False mini-quiz Westward Expansion, Immigration and Urbanization http://www.quia.com/jq/138150.html

Assignments: Week of March 24 - 28

There were many differences between the Northern and Southern states that eventually resulted in the Civil War.
Differences that Divided the Nation:

The South feared that the North would take control of Congress, and Southerners began to proclaim states' rights as a mean of self-protection. The North believed that the nation was a union and could not be divided. While the Civil War did not begin as a war to get rid of slavery, issues surrounding slavery deeply divided the nation.

Several compromises were made to try and resolve the differences between the Northern and Southern states:

After Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States, the South seceded, or withdrew, from the Union. Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln and many Northerners believed that the Unites States was one nation that could not be separated or divided. Most Southerners believed that states had freely created and joined the union, so they could just as freely leave it.

The Roles of Civil War Leaders:

Abraham Lincoln ~ was President of the United States ~ opposed the spread of slavery ~ issued the Emancipation Proclamation ~ determined to preserve the Union- by force if necessary ~ believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states ~ wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people"	Robert E. Lee ~ was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia (South) ~ was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war but chose not to fight against Virginia ~ opposed seceding from the Union, but did not believe the union should be held together by force ~ urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite Americans when some wanted to keep fighting
Jefferson Davis ~ was president of the Confederate States of America	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson ~ was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia
Ulysses S. Grant ~ was general of the Union army (North) that defeated Lee	Frederick Douglass ~ was a former slave who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist

Life on the battlefield and on the homefront was extremely harsh. Many died from disease and exposure.
Effects of the Civil War:

Effects of the Civil War on African Americans:

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments of the Constitution of the United States of America address the issues of slavery and guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens.
Basic Provisions of the Amendments:

RECONSTRUCTION
The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former slaves had achieved.
Reconstruction Policies and Problems:

Between 1801 and 1861, the United States grew in size because of exploration and expansion to new territories.

The New Territories added to the United States after 1801:

The Louisiana Purchase				Moving to the Oregon Territory

Western movement became very popular for several reasons, mostly for geographic and economic ones:
1) the population in the eastern states kept growing and growing, making it crowded in some areas
2) there was plenty of cheap, fertile land out west
3) it was a great economic opportunity (California Gold Rush, logging, farming, freedom for runaway slaves)
4) transportation was cheaper and faster (they had rivers and canals-- Erie Canal-- and used steamboats)
5) to gain knowledge about the overland trails (Oregon and Santa Fe)
6) people believed in "Manifest Destiny"-- the idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country

Industry was popular in the North before the Civil War. But the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society of the South. New technologies came about, including:

Invention	Characteristics and Impacts
The Cotton Gin	- it was invented by Eli Whitney - it increased the production of cotton, so it increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton
The Reaper	- Jo Anderson (a slave) and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent it - it increased the productivity of the American farmer
The Steamboat	- it was improved by Robert Fulton - it eventually provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations and farms to Northern industries and Western territories
The Steam Locomotive	- it provided faster land transportation

 
Once the Revolutionary War was over, America established a new national government.
The Articles of Confederation was a constitution written during the American Revolution to establish the new nation's powers.
There were, however, some Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation:
1) They provided for a weak national government
2) They gave Congress no power to tax or regulate commerce among the states
3) The Articles of Confederation did not provide a national currency (money)
4) They gave each state only 1 vote in Congress no matter how big the state was
5) They did not provide for an Executive or Judicial Branch of Government

So now the people had a government that was too weak to work well. The confederation had 13 separate and independent states instead of one united nation. The British even called the nation the "Disunited States."

Representatives from 5 states got together and decided that the country needed a stronger national government. This meant that the Articles of Confederation had to be changed. They worked hard to develop a new set of rules-- the Constitution of the United States of America. The Constitution established a federal system of government that made the state and national governments share the power. This is how the government was separated in order to divide the power equally:

These branches created Checks and Balances, meaning that each branch can check the power of the other. These checks keep any one branch from gaining too much power.
The states ratified, or accepted, the Constitution but shortly after, changes were made. These 10 amendments, or changes, are known as the Bill of Rights. They provide a written guarantee of an person's rights, such as the freedom of speech and the freedom of religion.
James Madison was the author of the Bill of Rights.

Review activities:
Constitution Rags to Riches:                         http://www.quia.com/rr/141367.html
Constitution Mini Quiz:                                 http://www.quia.com/jq/97441.html
Constitution Vocab. Flash Cards/Matching:  http://www.quia.com/jg/623641.html
Branches of Government (Columns):  http://www.quia.com/cm/68561.html 
Three Branches of Government Review  (Rags to Riches)  http://www.quia.com/rr/91886.html

      Colonists had many new political ideas. They wanted to be free from England's power (independence) and wanted a democratic government in the American colonies.

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a document which demanded independence from England.

Some key points stated in the Declaration of Independence were:
1) people have "certain unalienable rights" (they can't be taken away) including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
2) people establish their own government to protect these rights
3) government gets its power from the people
4) people have a right and a duty to change a government that violates these rights

People's lives were not the same in each of the colonies. In fact, they varied in several different ways. For example: